Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2025, Portugal's petrol supply was 282 kt: 81% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (15%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (39%), Nigeria (13%) and Algeria (11%), and 3% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil110 kt (est. 39%)Nigeria36 kt (est. 13%)Algeria32 kt (est. 11%)United States27 kt (est. 9%)Azerbaijan19 kt (est. 7%)Angola13 kt (est. 4%)Congo10 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins28 kt (est. 10%)Portugal: crude not from imports5.8 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)227 kt (81%)Spain43 kt (15%)Netherlands9.6 kt (3%)Belgium2.1 kt (<1%)France0.1 kt (<1%)Germanyless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: petrol supply282 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- France
- Germany
- Brazil110 kt (est. 39%)
- Nigeria36 kt (est. 13%)
- Algeria32 kt (est. 11%)
- United States27 kt (est. 9%)
- Azerbaijan19 kt (est. 7%)
- Angola13 kt (est. 4%)
- Congo10 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins28 kt (est. 10%)
- Portugal: crude not from imports5.8 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: petrol supply | 227,488 | 80.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: petrol supply | 42,730 | 15.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: petrol supply | 9,608 | 3.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Portugal: petrol supply | 2,119 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 104,123 | 45.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 30,692 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 29,175 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 20,783 | 48.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 19,105 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 17,294 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Portugal (own refineries) | 10,910 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Congo | Portugal (own refineries) | 10,360 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 7,397 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Portugal: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 5,831 | 2.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 5,321 | 55.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 4,905 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 4,901 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 2,428 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,811 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 1,464 | 69.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain | 1,318 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 999 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 928 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 705 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 544 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 299 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 262 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 130 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Belgium | 119 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 83 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 54 | 2.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | France | 36 | 47.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 16 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 8 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 7 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 6 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 4 | 5.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 4 | 72.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 2 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 1 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 1 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Germany | 1 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 0 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 0 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 0 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 0 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 0 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Germany | 0 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 0 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of petrol in 2025-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-06 to 2025-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Portugal: crude not from imports (5,831 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,003 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (760 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.