Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2025, Portugal's jet fuel supply was 195 kt: 52% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Kuwait (26%), India (17%) and the Netherlands (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (27%), Nigeria (8%) and Algeria (7%), and 43% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil53 kt (est. 27%)Nigeria17 kt (est. 8%)Algeria13 kt (est. 7%)United States8.8 kt (est. 5%)Azerbaijan8.6 kt (est. 4%)Angola5.2 kt (est. 3%)Norway2.1 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins3.5 kt (est. 2%)Kuwait: no crude data50 kt (26%)India: no crude data33 kt (17%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)102 kt (52%)Kuwait50 kt (26%)India33 kt (17%)Netherlands10 kt (5%)Spainless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: jet fuel supply195 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Kuwait
- India
- Netherlands
- Spain
- Brazil53 kt (est. 27%)
- Nigeria17 kt (est. 8%)
- Algeria13 kt (est. 7%)
- United States8.8 kt (est. 5%)
- Azerbaijan8.6 kt (est. 4%)
- Angola5.2 kt (est. 3%)
- Norway2.1 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins3.5 kt (est. 2%)
- Kuwait: no crude data50 kt (26%)
- India: no crude data33 kt (17%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: jet fuel supply | 102,457 | 52.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Kuwait | Portugal: jet fuel supply | 50,000 | 25.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Portugal: jet fuel supply | 32,926 | 16.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: jet fuel supply | 10,017 | 5.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 51,780 | 50.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 50,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| India: no crude data | India | 32,926 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 16,002 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 13,186 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 8,579 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 6,842 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Portugal (own refineries) | 4,899 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 3,529 | 35.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 2,055 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,962 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 1,169 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 960 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 619 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 580 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 312 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 1 | 48.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 0 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 0 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 0 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 0 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain | 0 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 0 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's jet fuel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of jet fuel in 2025-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-07 to 2025-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kuwait: no crude data (50,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (32,926 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,169 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (619 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.