Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2025, Portugal's petrol supply was 230 kt: 87% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (13%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (45%), Nigeria (15%) and Algeria (12%), and 1% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil104 kt (est. 45%)Nigeria35 kt (est. 15%)Algeria28 kt (est. 12%)United States18 kt (est. 8%)Azerbaijan17 kt (est. 7%)Angola11 kt (est. 5%)Mexico3.4 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins11 kt (est. 5%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)200 kt (87%)Spain30 kt (13%)France0.1 kt (<1%)Germanyless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: petrol supply230 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- France
- Germany
- Brazil104 kt (est. 45%)
- Nigeria35 kt (est. 15%)
- Algeria28 kt (est. 12%)
- United States18 kt (est. 8%)
- Azerbaijan17 kt (est. 7%)
- Angola11 kt (est. 5%)
- Mexico3.4 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins11 kt (est. 5%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: petrol supply | 200,211 | 87.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: petrol supply | 29,614 | 12.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 101,182 | 50.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 31,269 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 25,767 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 16,764 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 13,371 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 11,356 | 38.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Portugal (own refineries) | 9,573 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 4,869 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 3,709 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain | 3,394 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 3,293 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 2,285 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Spain | 1,868 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain | 1,125 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 63 | 49.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 30 | 23.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 12 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 8 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 5 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 4 | 67.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 4 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 3 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 2 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 1 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 1 | 0.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 0 | 7.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 0 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 0 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 0 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 0 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 0 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Germany | 0 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Germany | 0 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of petrol in 2025-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-07 to 2025-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,287 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.