Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2025, Portugal's petrol supply was 103 kt: 24% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (39%) and the Netherlands (36%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (21%), the United States (15%) and Nigeria (11%), and 3% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil21 kt (est. 21%)United States15 kt (est. 15%)Nigeria12 kt (est. 11%)Norway8.7 kt (est. 8%)Kazakhstan6.9 kt (est. 7%)Iraq4.9 kt (est. 5%)Algeria4.8 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins26 kt (est. 25%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported2.2 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)25 kt (24%)Spain40 kt (39%)Netherlands37 kt (36%)France0.1 kt (<1%)Germanyless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: petrol supply103 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain
- Netherlands
- Portugal (own refineries)
- France
- Germany
- Brazil21 kt (est. 21%)
- United States15 kt (est. 15%)
- Nigeria12 kt (est. 11%)
- Norway8.7 kt (est. 8%)
- Kazakhstan6.9 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq4.9 kt (est. 5%)
- Algeria4.8 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins26 kt (est. 25%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported2.2 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain | Portugal: petrol supply | 40,450 | 39.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: petrol supply | 37,311 | 36.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: petrol supply | 24,633 | 24.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| France | Portugal: petrol supply | 148 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Spain | 17,886 | 44.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 13,394 | 54.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 8,162 | 21.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 7,803 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 6,574 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 6,379 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 5,249 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 5,191 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 4,509 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 4,327 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 3,122 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 2,793 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 2,644 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 2,182 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 2,165 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Algeria | Spain | 2,152 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 2,054 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 1,666 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal (own refineries) | 1,542 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 1,106 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 756 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Spain | 505 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 232 | 0.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | France | 29 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 28 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 25 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 16 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 16 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 11 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 11 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 8 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 4 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 2 | 33.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 1 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 1 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 0 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 0 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 0 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 0.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Algeria | Germany | 0 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 0 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Germany | 0 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of petrol in 2025-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-08 to 2025-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (2,165 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (992 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.