Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2026, Portugal's road diesel supply was 401 kt: 62% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (22%) and the Netherlands (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (31%), Algeria (18%) and the United States (9%), and 10% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil124 kt (est. 31%)Algeria71 kt (est. 18%)United States38 kt (est. 9%)Angola24 kt (est. 6%)Azerbaijan17 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria14 kt (est. 3%)Mexico11 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins60 kt (est. 15%)Portugal: crude not from imports20 kt (5%)United Kingdom: no crude data18 kt (5%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)250 kt (62%)Spain88 kt (22%)Netherlands35 kt (9%)United Kingdom18 kt (5%)Italy10 kt (3%)France0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: road diesel supply401 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- Netherlands
- United Kingdom
- Italy
- France
- Brazil124 kt (est. 31%)
- Algeria71 kt (est. 18%)
- United States38 kt (est. 9%)
- Angola24 kt (est. 6%)
- Azerbaijan17 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria14 kt (est. 3%)
- Mexico11 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins60 kt (est. 15%)
- Portugal: crude not from imports20 kt (5%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data18 kt (5%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: road diesel supply | 250,119 | 62.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: road diesel supply | 87,562 | 21.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: road diesel supply | 34,830 | 8.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Portugal: road diesel supply | 18,218 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Portugal: road diesel supply | 10,350 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 112,737 | 45.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 65,046 | 26.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 35,455 | 40.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Portugal (own refineries) | 21,449 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Portugal: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 20,206 | 8.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 19,082 | 54.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 18,218 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 15,700 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 14,980 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 12,702 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 11,766 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain | 11,354 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 8,999 | 25.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 8,719 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 5,785 | 55.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Portugal split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 5,331 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 2,557 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain | 2,235 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,947 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,820 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 1,574 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Portugal split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,030 | 10.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Italy | 919 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Portugal split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Italy | 397 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Portugal split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 337 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Portugal split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 260 | 2.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 176 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 129 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Netherlands | 120 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 47 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Portugal split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 26 | 40.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 17 | 26.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 7 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 6 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 4 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 2 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | France | 1 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 1 | 1.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of road diesel in 2026-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-11 to 2026-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Portugal: crude not from imports (20,206 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (18,218 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,207 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,032 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.