Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2026, Portugal's jet fuel supply was 112 kt: 96% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (44%), Algeria (25%) and Angola (8%), and 8% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil49 kt (est. 44%)Algeria28 kt (est. 25%)Angola9.3 kt (est. 8%)United States7.6 kt (est. 7%)Azerbaijan6.8 kt (est. 6%)Norway0.9 kt (est. <1%)Kazakhstan0.5 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins1.4 kt (est. 1%)Portugal: crude not from imports8.7 kt (8%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)108 kt (96%)Netherlands4.5 kt (4%)Portugal: jet fuel supply112 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Brazil49 kt (est. 44%)
- Algeria28 kt (est. 25%)
- Angola9.3 kt (est. 8%)
- United States7.6 kt (est. 7%)
- Azerbaijan6.8 kt (est. 6%)
- Norway0.9 kt (est. <1%)
- Kazakhstan0.5 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins1.4 kt (est. 1%)
- Portugal: crude not from imports8.7 kt (8%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: jet fuel supply | 107,722 | 96.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: jet fuel supply | 4,512 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 48,554 | 45.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 28,014 | 26.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Portugal (own refineries) | 9,238 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Portugal: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 8,703 | 8.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 6,762 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 6,452 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1,358 | 30.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,166 | 25.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 884 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 482 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 331 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 252 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 23 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 17 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of jet fuel in 2026-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-11 to 2026-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Portugal: crude not from imports (8,703 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (252 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.