Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2026, Portugal's petrol supply was 190 kt: 85% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (15%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (40%), Algeria (23%) and Angola (8%), and 7% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil75 kt (est. 40%)Algeria44 kt (est. 23%)Angola15 kt (est. 8%)United States14 kt (est. 7%)Azerbaijan10 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria3.9 kt (est. 2%)Mexico3.8 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins12 kt (est. 6%)Portugal: crude not from imports13 kt (7%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)161 kt (85%)Spain29 kt (15%)France0.1 kt (<1%)Germanyless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: petrol supply190 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- France
- Germany
- Brazil75 kt (est. 40%)
- Algeria44 kt (est. 23%)
- Angola15 kt (est. 8%)
- United States14 kt (est. 7%)
- Azerbaijan10 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria3.9 kt (est. 2%)
- Mexico3.8 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins12 kt (est. 6%)
- Portugal: crude not from imports13 kt (7%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: petrol supply | 160,827 | 84.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: petrol supply | 29,121 | 15.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 72,490 | 45.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 41,825 | 26.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Portugal (own refineries) | 13,792 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Portugal: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 12,993 | 8.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 11,792 | 40.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 10,095 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 9,632 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 4,224 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 3,913 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain | 3,776 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 2,900 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 1,773 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain | 743 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 47 | 40.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 31 | 26.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 13 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 11 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 7 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 6 | 69.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 4 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Germany | 1 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 1 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 1 | 1.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1 | 6.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 0 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 0 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 0 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 0 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 0 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of petrol in 2026-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-11 to 2026-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Portugal: crude not from imports (12,993 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (4 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.