Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2026, Portugal's road diesel supply was 391 kt: 42% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (26%), the Netherlands (20%) and Belgium (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (26%), the United States (14%) and Algeria (13%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil103 kt (est. 26%)United States56 kt (est. 14%)Algeria49 kt (est. 13%)Norway27 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria21 kt (est. 5%)Azerbaijan18 kt (est. 5%)Iraq14 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins79 kt (est. 20%)United Kingdom: no crude data15 kt (4%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported5.7 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.3 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)164 kt (42%)Spain102 kt (26%)Netherlands79 kt (20%)Belgium31 kt (8%)United Kingdom15 kt (4%)Portugal: road diesel supply391 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- United Kingdom
- Brazil103 kt (est. 26%)
- United States56 kt (est. 14%)
- Algeria49 kt (est. 13%)
- Norway27 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria21 kt (est. 5%)
- Azerbaijan18 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq14 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins79 kt (est. 20%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data15 kt (4%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported5.7 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.3 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: road diesel supply | 163,968 | 42.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: road diesel supply | 102,435 | 26.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: road diesel supply | 79,008 | 20.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Portugal: road diesel supply | 30,596 | 7.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Portugal: road diesel supply | 14,826 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 87,358 | 53.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 49,855 | 48.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 42,630 | 26.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 20,033 | 25.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 19,328 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 18,201 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 16,964 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 15,196 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 14,826 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 14,549 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 13,862 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 10,042 | 32.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 10,028 | 32.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 9,790 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 8,115 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 6,579 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 5,730 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 5,382 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 5,329 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 5,232 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 4,927 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 2,324 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 1,231 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 1,183 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 968 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 583 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 384 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Netherlands | 131 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 73 | 0.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Portugal’s supply of road diesel in 2026-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-12 to 2026-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (14,826 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (5,730 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,303 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.