Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2026, Portugal's jet fuel supply was 119 kt: 68% from its own refineries, with imports from the United States (17%) and the Netherlands (15%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (37%), Algeria (18%) and the United States (10%), and 18% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil45 kt (est. 37%)Algeria21 kt (est. 18%)United States12 kt (est. 10%)Azerbaijan9.1 kt (est. 8%)Norway3.9 kt (est. 3%)United Kingdom1.4 kt (est. 1%)Kazakhstan1.4 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins3.9 kt (est. 3%)United States: no crude data20 kt (17%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported1.3 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)81 kt (68%)United States20 kt (17%)Netherlands18 kt (15%)Portugal: jet fuel supply119 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- United States
- Netherlands
- Brazil45 kt (est. 37%)
- Algeria21 kt (est. 18%)
- United States12 kt (est. 10%)
- Azerbaijan9.1 kt (est. 8%)
- Norway3.9 kt (est. 3%)
- United Kingdom1.4 kt (est. 1%)
- Kazakhstan1.4 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins3.9 kt (est. 3%)
- United States: no crude data20 kt (17%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported1.3 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: jet fuel supply | 81,327 | 68.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United States | Portugal: jet fuel supply | 20,000 | 16.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: jet fuel supply | 17,937 | 15.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 43,329 | 53.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 21,144 | 26.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 20,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 9,027 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 7,216 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's jet fuel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 4,548 | 25.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 3,872 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 3,851 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 1,430 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 1,426 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,301 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,210 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 610 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 269 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Netherlands | 30 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's jet fuel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of jet fuel in 2026-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-12 to 2026-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (20,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (1,301 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (610 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.