Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2026, Portugal's petrol supply was 180 kt: 79% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (14%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (44%), Algeria (21%) and the United States (11%), and 1% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil79 kt (est. 44%)Algeria39 kt (est. 21%)United States19 kt (est. 11%)Azerbaijan16 kt (est. 9%)Nigeria4.3 kt (est. 2%)Norway3.6 kt (est. 2%)Iraq2.5 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins16 kt (est. 9%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)143 kt (79%)Spain25 kt (14%)Belgium8.7 kt (5%)Netherlands2.9 kt (2%)France0.2 kt (<1%)Germanyless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: petrol supply180 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- Belgium
- Netherlands
- France
- Germany
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: petrol supply | 143,022 | 79.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: petrol supply | 25,197 | 14.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Portugal: petrol supply | 8,699 | 4.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: petrol supply | 2,942 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Portugal: petrol supply | 190 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 76,198 | 53.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 37,185 | 26.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 15,876 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 12,690 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 12,263 | 48.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 3,738 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 3,410 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 2,855 | 32.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 2,851 | 32.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 2,408 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 1,996 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,871 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 1,287 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 1,073 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Netherlands | 746 | 25.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 720 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 661 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 632 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 275 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 213 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 200 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 198 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 183 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 166 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's petrol to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 95 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 61 | 32.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 57 | 30.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 44 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 21 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 21 | 0.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | France | 17 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 14 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 11 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Netherlands | 5 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 4 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 3 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 2 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 1 | 52.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 0 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 0 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 0 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 0 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 0 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 0 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 0 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 0 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 0 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of petrol in 2026-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-12 to 2026-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,097 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (216 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.