Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2026, Portugal's road diesel supply was 380 kt: 74% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (23%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (48%), Algeria (12%) and Nigeria (11%), and less than 1% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil183 kt (est. 48%)Algeria44 kt (est. 12%)Nigeria40 kt (est. 11%)United States36 kt (est. 9%)Azerbaijan15 kt (est. 4%)Libya10 kt (est. 3%)Mexico9.6 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins39 kt (est. 10%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)279 kt (74%)Spain86 kt (23%)Netherlands15 kt (4%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: road diesel supply380 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- Netherlands
- France
- United Kingdom
- Brazil183 kt (est. 48%)
- Algeria44 kt (est. 12%)
- Nigeria40 kt (est. 11%)
- United States36 kt (est. 9%)
- Azerbaijan15 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya10 kt (est. 3%)
- Mexico9.6 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins39 kt (est. 10%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: road diesel supply | 279,115 | 73.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: road diesel supply | 85,687 | 22.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: road diesel supply | 14,861 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 173,611 | 62.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 39,486 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 31,179 | 36.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 29,657 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 21,129 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 15,232 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 11,249 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 10,227 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 9,798 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain | 9,478 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 8,718 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 8,124 | 54.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 4,624 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 3,351 | 22.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,111 | 7.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,000 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 755 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 414 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 285 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Netherlands | 111 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 98 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Netherlands | 25 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 22 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | France | 14 | 37.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 12 | 32.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 5 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 2 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 2 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 2 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 0 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of road diesel in 2026-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-01 to 2026-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,112 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (414 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (22 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.