Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2026, Portugal's petrol supply was 229 kt: 80% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (15%) and the Netherlands (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (48%), Azerbaijan (10%) and Nigeria (10%), and less than 1% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil110 kt (est. 48%)Azerbaijan22 kt (est. 10%)Nigeria22 kt (est. 10%)Algeria21 kt (est. 9%)United States20 kt (est. 9%)Libya10 kt (est. 5%)Mexico4.0 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins18 kt (est. 8%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)183 kt (80%)Spain33 kt (15%)Netherlands12 kt (5%)France0.2 kt (<1%)Germanyless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: petrol supply229 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- Netherlands
- France
- Germany
- Brazil110 kt (est. 48%)
- Azerbaijan22 kt (est. 10%)
- Nigeria22 kt (est. 10%)
- Algeria21 kt (est. 9%)
- United States20 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya10 kt (est. 5%)
- Mexico4.0 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins18 kt (est. 8%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: petrol supply | 183,324 | 80.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: petrol supply | 33,364 | 14.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: petrol supply | 11,808 | 5.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 105,379 | 57.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 21,938 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 19,106 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 18,014 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 12,834 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 11,586 | 34.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 6,592 | 55.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Portugal (own refineries) | 6,053 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 4,749 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 4,257 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain | 3,925 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 3,734 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 3,066 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 2,390 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 2,046 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,007 | 8.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 724 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 610 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 228 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 125 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 87 | 41.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Netherlands | 84 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 57 | 27.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Netherlands | 48 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 22 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 18 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 11 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 8 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 4 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 3 | 62.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 1 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 1 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 0 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 0 | 4.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 0 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 0 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 0 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 0 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Germany | 0 | 0.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of petrol in 2026-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-02 to 2026-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,011 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (0 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.