Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2026, Portugal's road diesel supply was 386 kt: 75% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (25%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (39%), the United States (10%) and Nigeria (9%), and 5% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil151 kt (est. 39%)United States40 kt (est. 10%)Nigeria35 kt (est. 9%)Azerbaijan28 kt (est. 7%)Libya21 kt (est. 5%)Algeria20 kt (est. 5%)Angola15 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins59 kt (est. 15%)Portugal: crude not from imports18 kt (5%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)288 kt (75%)Spain98 kt (25%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: road diesel supply386 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- France
- United Kingdom
- Brazil151 kt (est. 39%)
- United States40 kt (est. 10%)
- Nigeria35 kt (est. 9%)
- Azerbaijan28 kt (est. 7%)
- Libya21 kt (est. 5%)
- Algeria20 kt (est. 5%)
- Angola15 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins59 kt (est. 15%)
- Portugal: crude not from imports18 kt (5%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: road diesel supply | 288,012 | 74.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: road diesel supply | 98,125 | 25.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 139,387 | 48.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 46,681 | 47.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 28,188 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 27,717 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 26,191 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Portugal: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 18,192 | 6.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 13,768 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Portugal (own refineries) | 13,139 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal (own refineries) | 12,629 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 12,238 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 11,803 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 11,197 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Portugal (own refineries) | 8,801 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 8,416 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 5,832 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain | 1,767 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 190 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 10 | 39.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 6 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France | 6 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 2 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 2 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 1 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 1 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | France | 1 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 0 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Portugal’s supply of road diesel in 2026-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-03 to 2026-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Portugal: crude not from imports (18,192 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (6 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (0 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.