Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2026, Portugal's petrol supply was 260 kt: 86% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (7%) and Spain (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (43%), the United States (11%) and Azerbaijan (9%), and 2% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil113 kt (est. 43%)United States30 kt (est. 11%)Azerbaijan22 kt (est. 9%)Libya17 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria13 kt (est. 5%)Algeria12 kt (est. 5%)Guyana12 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins38 kt (est. 14%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)224 kt (86%)Netherlands18 kt (7%)Spain18 kt (7%)France0.1 kt (<1%)Germanyless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: petrol supply260 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Spain
- France
- Germany
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: petrol supply | 224,344 | 86.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: petrol supply | 18,000 | 6.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Spain | Portugal: petrol supply | 17,835 | 6.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 110,013 | 49.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 22,366 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 22,009 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal (own refineries) | 20,461 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Portugal (own refineries) | 14,805 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Portugal (own refineries) | 11,097 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 10,932 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 10,247 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's petrol to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 8,835 | 49.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 8,229 | 46.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 4,852 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 2,620 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 2,414 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Spain | 2,019 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 1,828 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,582 | 8.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Spain | 1,541 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,427 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 903 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Spain | 661 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 443 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 373 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 346 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Netherlands | 142 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's petrol to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 66 | 44.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 35 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 33 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 15 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 14 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 11 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 4 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 2 | 49.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 2 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 2 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Germany | 1 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 1 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's petrol to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 0 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Germany | 0 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 0 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 0 | 2.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 0 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 0 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 0 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's petrol to Portugal split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Portugal’s supply of petrol in 2026-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-06 (latest month all EU member states reported). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-04 to 2026-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,417 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,584 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.