Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2024, Romania's road diesel supply was 717 kt: 65% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Greece (13%), Türkiye (5%) and India (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Kazakhstan (31%), Azerbaijan (10%) and Libya (5%), and 38% cannot be traced.
Country
Kazakhstan220 kt (est. 31%)Azerbaijan70 kt (est. 10%)Libya39 kt (est. 5%)Iraq31 kt (est. 4%)Congo21 kt (est. 3%)Norway19 kt (est. 3%)Russia17 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins29 kt (est. 4%)Romania: crude not from imports86 kt (12%)Romania: crude origin not reported62 kt (9%)Türkiye: no crude data38 kt (5%)India: no crude data37 kt (5%)United States: no crude data19 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports9.9 kt (1%)Kuwait: no crude data8.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data7.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.0 kt (<1%)Romania (own refineries)465 kt (65%)Greece96 kt (13%)Türkiye38 kt (5%)India37 kt (5%)Italy24 kt (3%)Hungary22 kt (3%)United States19 kt (3%)Kuwait8.0 kt (1%)Israel4.0 kt (<1%)Saudi Arabia2.0 kt (<1%)Other suppliers2.0 kt (<1%)Romania: road diesel supply717 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Romania (own refineries)
- Greece
- Türkiye
- India
- Italy
- Hungary
- United States
- Kuwait
- Other (4)
- Kazakhstan220 kt (est. 31%)
- Azerbaijan70 kt (est. 10%)
- Libya39 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq31 kt (est. 4%)
- Congo21 kt (est. 3%)
- Norway19 kt (est. 3%)
- Russia17 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins29 kt (est. 4%)
- Romania: crude not from imports86 kt (12%)
- Romania: crude origin not reported62 kt (9%)
- Türkiye: no crude data38 kt (5%)
- India: no crude data37 kt (5%)
- United States: no crude data19 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports9.9 kt (1%)
- Kuwait: no crude data8.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data7.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.0 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Dec 2024)
38.0 thousand tonnes
5% of Romania's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Türkiye: no crude data38 kt (100%)
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romania (own refineries) | Romania: road diesel supply | 465,000 | 64.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Greece | Romania: road diesel supply | 96,000 | 13.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Romania: road diesel supply | 38,000 | 5.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | Romania: road diesel supply | 37,000 | 5.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Romania: road diesel supply | 24,000 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Romania: road diesel supply | 22,000 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Romania: road diesel supply | 19,000 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Romania: road diesel supply | 8,000 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Israel | Romania: road diesel supply | 4,000 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Romania: road diesel supply | 2,000 | 0.3% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania: road diesel supply | 2,000 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kazakhstan | Romania (own refineries) | 195,091 | 42.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Romania: crude not from imports | Romania (own refineries) | 85,846 | 18.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Romania: crude origin not reported | Romania (own refineries) | 62,298 | 13.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania (own refineries) | 59,168 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 38,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| India: no crude data | India | 37,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Greece | 28,982 | 30.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania (own refineries) | 24,740 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 20,654 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Congo | Romania (own refineries) | 20,120 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 19,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 18,296 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary | 17,168 | 78.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania (own refineries) | 15,351 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 9,617 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 8,020 | 33.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 8,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 7,400 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 5,375 | 5.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Italy | 4,509 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Israel | 4,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 3,701 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 3,424 | 15.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 3,242 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 2,892 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Romania split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 2,783 | 2.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Romania (own refineries) | 2,385 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Romania split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 2,044 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 2,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,127 | 4.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 1,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 991 | 99.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 859 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 714 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 549 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Romania split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Congo | Italy | 421 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Romania split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 223 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 9 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Romania’s supply of road diesel in 2024-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-10 to 2024-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Romania: crude not from imports (85,846 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Romania: crude origin not reported (62,298 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Türkiye: no crude data (38,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (37,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (19,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (9,935 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Kuwait: no crude data (8,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (7,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,997 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.