Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2025, Slovenia's road diesel supply was 210 kt, all of it imported, mainly from Italy (54%), Greece (33%) and Malta (12%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (17%), Kazakhstan (15%) and Iraq (12%), and 17% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya35 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan32 kt (est. 15%)Iraq26 kt (est. 12%)Azerbaijan19 kt (est. 9%)Saudi Arabia15 kt (est. 7%)Norway10 kt (est. 5%)United States9.0 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins28 kt (est. 13%)Malta: no refinery26 kt (12%)Italy: crude not from imports10 kt (5%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Italy114 kt (54%)Greece69 kt (33%)Malta26 kt (12%)Hungary1.0 kt (<1%)Slovenia: road diesel supply210 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Libya35 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan32 kt (est. 15%)
- Iraq26 kt (est. 12%)
- Azerbaijan19 kt (est. 9%)
- Saudi Arabia15 kt (est. 7%)
- Norway10 kt (est. 5%)
- United States9.0 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins28 kt (est. 13%)
- Malta: no refinery26 kt (12%)
- Italy: crude not from imports10 kt (5%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Aug 2025)
35.3 thousand tonnes
est. 17% of Slovenia's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported35 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Italy24 kt (est. 69%)
- Greece11 kt (est. 31%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy | Slovenia: road diesel supply | 114,000 | 54.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Slovenia: road diesel supply | 69,000 | 32.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Malta | Slovenia: road diesel supply | 26,000 | 12.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Slovenia: road diesel supply | 1,000 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Malta: no refinery | Malta | 26,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Libya | Italy | 24,500 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Slovenia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 24,361 | 21.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Slovenia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 19,963 | 28.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Slovenia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 18,192 | 26.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Slovenia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 17,064 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Slovenia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 13,911 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Slovenia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 10,780 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Slovenia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 10,185 | 8.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Greece | 9,014 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Slovenia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 8,970 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Slovenia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 8,139 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Slovenia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 6,368 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Slovenia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 5,616 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Slovenia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 3,039 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Slovenia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 1,645 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Slovenia split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 1,253 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Slovenia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 785 | 78.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Slovenia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary | 159 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Slovenia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 57 | 5.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Slovenia’s supply of road diesel in 2025-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-06 to 2025-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Malta: no refinery (26,000 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Italy: crude not from imports (10,185 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (57 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.