Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2025, Slovenia's road diesel supply was 213 kt, all of it imported, mainly from Italy (79%) and Saudi Arabia (20%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (18%), Azerbaijan (13%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 27% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya39 kt (est. 18%)Azerbaijan29 kt (est. 13%)Kazakhstan24 kt (est. 11%)Iraq10 kt (est. 5%)United States9.8 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria7.1 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia6.8 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins31 kt (est. 15%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data43 kt (20%)Italy: crude not from imports13 kt (6%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)Italy168 kt (79%)Saudi Arabia43 kt (20%)Hungary2.0 kt (<1%)Slovenia: road diesel supply213 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy
- Saudi Arabia
- Hungary
- Libya39 kt (est. 18%)
- Azerbaijan29 kt (est. 13%)
- Kazakhstan24 kt (est. 11%)
- Iraq10 kt (est. 5%)
- United States9.8 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria7.1 kt (est. 3%)
- Saudi Arabia6.8 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins31 kt (est. 15%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data43 kt (20%)
- Italy: crude not from imports13 kt (6%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Apr 2025)
9.8 thousand tonnes
est. 5% of Slovenia's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported9.8 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Italy9.8 kt (est. 100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy | Slovenia: road diesel supply | 168,000 | 78.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovenia: road diesel supply | 43,000 | 20.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary | Slovenia: road diesel supply | 2,000 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 43,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Italy | 39,189 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Slovenia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 29,350 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Slovenia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 28,475 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Slovenia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 23,651 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Slovenia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 13,476 | 8.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy | 10,114 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Slovenia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 9,792 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Slovenia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 7,108 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Slovenia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 6,845 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Slovenia split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary | 1,549 | 77.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Slovenia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Hungary | 401 | 20.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Hungary | 49 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Slovenia split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Slovenia’s supply of road diesel in 2025-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-02 to 2025-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (43,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (13,476 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (401 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.