Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2025, France's road diesel supply was 2,552 kt: 60% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United States (14%) and Saudi Arabia (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (14%), Kazakhstan (10%) and Nigeria (7%), and 34% cannot be traced.
Country
United States357 kt (est. 14%)Kazakhstan254 kt (est. 10%)Nigeria183 kt (est. 7%)Libya156 kt (est. 6%)Iraq150 kt (est. 6%)Norway144 kt (est. 6%)Algeria131 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins312 kt (est. 12%)United States: no crude data370 kt (14%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data145 kt (6%)India: no crude data127 kt (5%)France: crude not from imports89 kt (4%)Kuwait: no crude data35 kt (1%)Origin not reported: crude unknown33 kt (1%)Other suppliers: no crude data32 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported26 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.8 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)1.53 Mt (60%)United States370 kt (14%)Saudi Arabia145 kt (6%)India127 kt (5%)Belgium80 kt (3%)Spain53 kt (2%)Netherlands44 kt (2%)Kuwait35 kt (1%)Germany34 kt (1%)Sweden33 kt (1%)Other suppliers64 kt (3%)Imports, origin not reported33 kt (1%)France: road diesel supply2.55 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- United States
- Saudi Arabia
- India
- Belgium
- Spain
- Netherlands
- Kuwait
- Other (5)
- United States357 kt (est. 14%)
- Kazakhstan254 kt (est. 10%)
- Nigeria183 kt (est. 7%)
- Libya156 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq150 kt (est. 6%)
- Norway144 kt (est. 6%)
- Algeria131 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins312 kt (est. 12%)
- United States: no crude data370 kt (14%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data145 kt (6%)
- India: no crude data127 kt (5%)
- France: crude not from imports89 kt (4%)
- Kuwait: no crude data35 kt (1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown33 kt (1%)
- Other suppliers: no crude data32 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported26 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.8 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Aug 2025)
145.0 thousand tonnes
6% of France's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data145 kt (100%)
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: road diesel supply | 1,534,000 | 60.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United States | France: road diesel supply | 370,000 | 14.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | France: road diesel supply | 145,000 | 5.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| India | France: road diesel supply | 127,000 | 5.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: road diesel supply | 80,000 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | France: road diesel supply | 64,000 | 2.5% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| Spain | France: road diesel supply | 53,000 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | France: road diesel supply | 44,000 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | France: road diesel supply | 35,000 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Germany | France: road diesel supply | 34,000 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | France: road diesel supply | 33,000 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | France: road diesel supply | 33,000 | 1.3% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States: no crude data | United States | 370,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France (own refineries) | 318,567 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 221,980 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 220,141 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 166,577 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 145,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 139,243 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 137,404 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 127,108 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 127,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 94,749 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 89,356 | 5.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 35,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 33,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Other suppliers: no crude data | Other suppliers | 32,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 29,028 | 36.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 24,270 | 45.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 18,876 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Belgium | 17,881 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 16,525 | 50.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 15,741 | 19.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 12,532 | 28.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 11,328 | 35.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 9,877 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 9,175 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 8,293 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 7,735 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 7,659 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 6,877 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 6,857 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 6,239 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 6,084 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 5,932 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 5,717 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 4,616 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 4,316 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 4,303 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 4,057 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 3,905 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Sweden | 3,725 | 11.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 3,557 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 3,230 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 3,118 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 3,011 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 2,859 | 8.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Spain | 2,753 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 2,518 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 2,490 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2,036 | 2.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,985 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 1,894 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 1,839 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 1,782 | 3.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 1,576 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 1,508 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1,284 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 1,239 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Belgium | 1,032 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Sweden | 1,003 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Other suppliers | 692 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 631 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 574 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to France split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 363 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 352 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to France split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: France’s supply of road diesel in 2025-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-06 to 2025-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (370,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (145,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (127,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- France: crude not from imports (89,356 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Kuwait: no crude data (35,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (33,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Other suppliers: no crude data (32,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (26,127 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (7,823 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Imports, origin not reported (33,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.