Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2023, Italy's road diesel supply was 2,628 kt: 88% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Azerbaijan (16%), Libya (15%) and the United States (13%), and 16% cannot be traced.
Country
Azerbaijan424 kt (est. 16%)Libya399 kt (est. 15%)United States352 kt (est. 13%)Iraq226 kt (est. 9%)Kazakhstan215 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia159 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria106 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins332 kt (est. 13%)Italy: crude origin not reported72 kt (3%)Italy: crude not from imports71 kt (3%)Japan: no crude data66 kt (3%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data64 kt (2%)Türkiye: no crude data60 kt (2%)India: no crude data34 kt (1%)Egypt: no crude data32 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data12 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)2.32 Mt (88%)Japan66 kt (3%)Saudi Arabia64 kt (2%)Türkiye60 kt (2%)Greece41 kt (2%)India34 kt (1%)Egypt32 kt (1%)Albania12 kt (<1%)Slovakia1.2 kt (<1%)Belgium0.4 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: road diesel supply2.63 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Japan
- Saudi Arabia
- Türkiye
- Greece
- India
- Egypt
- Albania
- Other (4)
- Azerbaijan424 kt (est. 16%)
- Libya399 kt (est. 15%)
- United States352 kt (est. 13%)
- Iraq226 kt (est. 9%)
- Kazakhstan215 kt (est. 8%)
- Saudi Arabia159 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria106 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins332 kt (est. 13%)
- Italy: crude origin not reported72 kt (3%)
- Italy: crude not from imports71 kt (3%)
- Japan: no crude data66 kt (3%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data64 kt (2%)
- Türkiye: no crude data60 kt (2%)
- India: no crude data34 kt (1%)
- Egypt: no crude data32 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data12 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Oct 2023)
60.4 thousand tonnes
2% of Italy's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Türkiye: no crude data60 kt (100%)
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: road diesel supply | 2,316,984 | 88.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Japan | Italy: road diesel supply | 65,948 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy: road diesel supply | 64,329 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Italy: road diesel supply | 60,418 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Italy: road diesel supply | 40,740 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Italy: road diesel supply | 33,895 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: road diesel supply | 31,943 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Albania | Italy: road diesel supply | 11,977 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 424,157 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 394,579 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 351,413 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 325,300 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 208,199 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 206,797 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 157,235 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 105,895 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 72,277 | 3.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 71,133 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Japan: no crude data | Japan | 65,948 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 64,329 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 60,418 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| India: no crude data | India | 33,895 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 31,943 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Greece | 19,140 | 47.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Albania | 11,977 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 6,981 | 17.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 5,560 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 4,826 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 1,731 | 4.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 1,633 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 1,220 | 100.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Greece | 870 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 189 | 51.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 61 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 48 | 82.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 37 | 10.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 28 | 45.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 27 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 26 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 23 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 11 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 7 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 7 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 4 | 6.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 3 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 2 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 2 | 0.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 1 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Other suppliers | 0 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
5 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of road diesel in 2023-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-08 to 2023-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude origin not reported (72,277 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Italy: crude not from imports (71,133 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Japan: no crude data (65,948 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (64,329 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (60,418 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (33,895 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (31,943 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (11,977 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,771 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.