Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2025, Portugal's road diesel supply was 479 kt: 83% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (12%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (40%), Nigeria (13%) and Algeria (11%), and 3% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil190 kt (est. 40%)Nigeria61 kt (est. 13%)Algeria54 kt (est. 11%)United States44 kt (est. 9%)Azerbaijan33 kt (est. 7%)Angola22 kt (est. 5%)Congo18 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins43 kt (est. 9%)Portugal: crude not from imports10 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)396 kt (83%)Spain58 kt (12%)Belgium12 kt (3%)Netherlands12 kt (2%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: road diesel supply479 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- Belgium
- Netherlands
- France
- United Kingdom
- Brazil190 kt (est. 40%)
- Nigeria61 kt (est. 13%)
- Algeria54 kt (est. 11%)
- United States44 kt (est. 9%)
- Azerbaijan33 kt (est. 7%)
- Angola22 kt (est. 5%)
- Congo18 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins43 kt (est. 9%)
- Portugal: crude not from imports10 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Aug 2025)
21.9 thousand tonnes
est. 5% of Portugal's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported22 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Portugal (own refineries)19 kt (est. 87%)
- Spain1.8 kt (est. 8%)
- Belgium0.7 kt (est. 3%)
and 2 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: road diesel supply | 396,334 | 82.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: road diesel supply | 58,176 | 12.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Portugal: road diesel supply | 12,281 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: road diesel supply | 11,761 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 181,405 | 45.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 53,472 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 50,829 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 33,284 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 30,129 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 28,296 | 48.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Portugal (own refineries) | 19,007 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Congo | Portugal (own refineries) | 18,049 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Portugal: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 10,159 | 2.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Spain | 10,071 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 8,485 | 69.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 6,678 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 6,673 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 6,513 | 55.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 3,305 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 2,217 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Spain | 1,794 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,516 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 1,359 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,136 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 863 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 753 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Belgium | 692 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 665 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 479 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Angola | Netherlands | 366 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 313 | 2.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 43 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Portugal split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 10 | 47.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 6 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France | 4 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 2 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 2 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 1 | 5.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Angola | France | 1 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 0 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 0 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of road diesel in 2025-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-06 to 2025-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Portugal: crude not from imports (10,159 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,361 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,176 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (6 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.