Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2025, Portugal's road diesel supply was 310 kt: 86% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (13%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (38%), Algeria (19%) and Azerbaijan (12%), and less than 1% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil117 kt (est. 38%)Algeria58 kt (est. 19%)Azerbaijan36 kt (est. 12%)Nigeria29 kt (est. 9%)United States24 kt (est. 8%)Ghana13 kt (est. 4%)Gabon9.2 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins23 kt (est. 7%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)267 kt (86%)Spain40 kt (13%)Netherlands3.0 kt (<1%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: road diesel supply310 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- Netherlands
- France
- United Kingdom
- Brazil117 kt (est. 38%)
- Algeria58 kt (est. 19%)
- Azerbaijan36 kt (est. 12%)
- Nigeria29 kt (est. 9%)
- United States24 kt (est. 8%)
- Ghana13 kt (est. 4%)
- Gabon9.2 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins23 kt (est. 7%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Apr 2025)
9.2 thousand tonnes
est. 3% of Portugal's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported9.2 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Portugal (own refineries)8.8 kt (est. 96%)
- Spain0.4 kt (est. 4%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: road diesel supply | 267,057 | 86.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: road diesel supply | 39,545 | 12.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: road diesel supply | 2,959 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 109,891 | 41.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 55,331 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 36,066 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 25,969 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 20,787 | 52.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 18,309 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Ghana | Portugal (own refineries) | 12,683 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Gabon | Portugal (own refineries) | 8,808 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 6,885 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 5,458 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 3,087 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 2,626 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1,863 | 63.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 601 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Gabon | Spain | 379 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Ghana | Spain | 323 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 185 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 172 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 138 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 9 | 44.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 6 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France | 4 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 3 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 2 | 9.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | France | 2 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 1 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Portugal split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-02 to 2025-04. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Portugal’s supply of road diesel in 2025-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-02 to 2025-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (185 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (6 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.