Livorno refinery (Stagno)

Coordinates are from the EEA Industrial Emissions Portal (IED Annex I activity 1.2, Refining of mineral oil and gas), reporting year 2024, queried via the EEA DiscoData SQL API on 2026-09-22; see https://industry.eea.europa.eu/. STATUS SETTLED 2026-09-27 AS CONVERTED (crude distillation stopped in 2024; biorefinery under construction), on the operator's own dated annual Fact Books, both downloaded and text-extracted on 2026-09-27. (1) Eni Fact Book 2024 (https://www.eni.com/content/dam/enicom/documents/eng/reports/2024/Fact-Book-2024-eng.pdf), Refining section: 'Livorno refinery, with a balanced refining capacity of 14 kbbl/d and a conversion index of 12%, until February 2024 is dedicated to the production of lubricants and specialties. [...] Starting from the second quarter of 2024, it's in operation only the gasoline line with a platforming and isomerisation unit and a desulphurisation unit for the production of fuels by processing Virgin Naphtha.' The same Fact Book: 2024 throughputs fell 'as a result of lower volumes processed in particular at the Livorno refinery due to new production set-up'. (2) Eni Fact Book 2025 (https://www.eni.com/content/dam/enicom/documents/eng/reports/2025/Fact-Book-2025-eng.pdf; PDF created 2026-05-06), table 'Refining system in 2025': the Livorno line carries NO balanced refining capacity and footnote (d) 'The conversion process into a biorefinery is undergoing'; text p.80: 'Livorno refinery shut down its traditional processing operations in order to convert the plant into a biorefinery. Following the final investment decision in 2024, Eni signed a financing agreement in 2025 to support the conversion'; the planned Ecofining plant is 500 ktonnes/year of production capacity; the Livorno biorefinery is shown as '(Under construction)'. Eni's site page (https://www.eni.com/en-IT/actions/global-activities/Italy/livorno.html, opened 2026-09-27) says the same: 'The Livorno refinery shut down its traditional processing operations in order to convert the plant into a biorefinery by 2026'. No Eni page opened states that the biorefinery has started up, so the site is NOT recorded as an operating biorefinery. CONVERTED is used as for Rompetrol Vega and PARAMO: the site still runs (a naphtha-fed gasoline line) but no longer distils crude. Capacity fields stay EMPTY on purpose: the 14 kbbl/d in the 2024 Fact Book is Eni's figure for the pre-February-2024 lubricants configuration, and a crude capacity for a site that no longer distils crude would be misleading. WHY THE EARLIER READINGS NO LONGER HOLD: Unem's 4.2 Mt/a (MASE data) is stated as at 1 January 2024, before the February 2024 stop; Unem's 2,943 thousand tonnes of 2024 throughput covers crude plus semi-finished products, which fits Eni's statement that the site processed virgin naphtha from the second quarter of 2024; the EEA 'functional' flag is a permit state, not an operating state (REFERENCE_DATA_SOURCES.md, EEA limitation 4). The Unem Data Book 2026 (https://www.unem.it/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/Data_Book_UNEM_2026_12_23.pdf, opened 2026-09-27) prints per-refinery capacity only for 2007 and a national total for 2025, so it neither confirms nor contradicts this. The history recorded before 2026-09-27 follows. Crude refining has stopped: Eni's press release of 2024-01-29 states 'Eni has stopped importing crude oil and initiated the shutdown of the lubricants production lines and Topping plant' (the topping plant is the atmospheric crude distillation unit) and that the site is being converted with a 500,000 tonnes/year Ecofining plant, 'Completion and commissioning are expected by 2026' (https://www.eni.com/en-IT/media/press-release/2024/01/eni-moves-ahead-with-conversion-of-the-livorno-refinery-into-a-bio-refinery.html); Eni's current site page says the refinery 'shut down its traditional processing operations' (https://www.eni.com/en-IT/actions/global-activities/Italy/livorno.html). Readings that pointed the other way before 2026-09-27: the Unem statistical appendix 2025, on MASE data, still lists 'Eni Revt Livorno 4,2' million tonnes/year technical-balanced capacity as at 1 January 2024 and reports 2,943 thousand tonnes of throughput for calendar 2024 (https://www.unem.it/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/UNEM_25_appendice_statistica.pdf), although that throughput column is defined as covering crude plus semi-finished products, additives, oxygenates and methane, so it does not isolate crude; and the EEA Industrial Emissions Portal still records the Eni Livorno installation under IED Annex I activity 1.2 as 'functional' for reporting year 2024. Earlier context: IEA Energy Policy Review Italy 2023 lists 'Livorno Eni 84' kb/d as operational and notes 'the 84 kb/d Livorno plant, was supposed to stop processing crude in 2022, although the refinery's closure has been delayed' (https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/71b328b3-3e5b-4c04-8a22-3ead575b3a9a/Italy_2023_EnergyPolicyReview.pdf). Until 2026-09-27 this row was UNKNOWN with capacity empty because those readings could not be adjudicated; the Eni Fact Books above adjudicate them.