Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2026, Germany's road diesel supply was 3,350 kt: 83% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (22%), Norway (16%) and Kazakhstan (15%), and 7% cannot be traced.
Country
United States726 kt (est. 22%)Norway534 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan486 kt (est. 15%)United Kingdom279 kt (est. 8%)Libya267 kt (est. 8%)Guyana247 kt (est. 7%)Azerbaijan102 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins477 kt (est. 14%)Germany: crude not from imports69 kt (2%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data55 kt (2%)United States: no crude data48 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data32 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported28 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)Germany (own refineries)2.77 Mt (83%)Netherlands270 kt (8%)Belgium153 kt (5%)Saudi Arabia55 kt (2%)United States48 kt (1%)United Kingdom32 kt (<1%)Sweden15 kt (<1%)Czechia5.4 kt (<1%)Austria1.3 kt (<1%)Spain0.8 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.3 kt (<1%)Germany: road diesel supply3.35 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Germany (own refineries)
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Saudi Arabia
- United States
- United Kingdom
- Sweden
- Czechia
- Other (4)
- United States726 kt (est. 22%)
- Norway534 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan486 kt (est. 15%)
- United Kingdom279 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya267 kt (est. 8%)
- Guyana247 kt (est. 7%)
- Azerbaijan102 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins477 kt (est. 14%)
- Germany: crude not from imports69 kt (2%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data55 kt (2%)
- United States: no crude data48 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data32 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported28 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jun 2026)
27.5 thousand tonnes
<1% of Germany's road diesel supply
Unknown
Refined in
- Netherlands24 kt (86%)
- Belgium2.9 kt (11%)
- Germany (own refineries)0.8 kt (3%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany (own refineries) | Germany: road diesel supply | 2,769,409 | 82.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Netherlands | Germany: road diesel supply | 269,947 | 8.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Germany: road diesel supply | 152,910 | 4.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany: road diesel supply | 55,242 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Germany: road diesel supply | 47,921 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Germany: road diesel supply | 31,798 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Germany: road diesel supply | 15,341 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Germany: road diesel supply | 5,402 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Germany (own refineries) | 628,333 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany (own refineries) | 436,223 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany (own refineries) | 432,899 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany (own refineries) | 365,568 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany (own refineries) | 256,586 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany (own refineries) | 244,782 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Germany (own refineries) | 237,035 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany (own refineries) | 97,989 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Germany split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 72,766 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 70,856 | 26.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Germany: crude not from imports | Germany (own refineries) | 69,157 | 2.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 55,242 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 47,921 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 46,917 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 46,378 | 30.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 37,545 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 31,798 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 27,209 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 23,732 | 8.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Belgium | 21,873 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 20,865 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 20,737 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 11,687 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Belgium | 8,181 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 7,341 | 47.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 5,594 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 3,439 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Germany split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2,942 | 1.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Sweden | 2,736 | 17.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Netherlands | 2,137 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Germany split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 1,949 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 1,874 | 34.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Sweden | 1,704 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 1,591 | 29.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 971 | 18.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Sweden | 875 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 798 | 61.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 736 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Germany split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 453 | 58.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 354 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Czechia | 317 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Germany split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 297 | 5.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Austria | 154 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 143 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Austria | 132 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 113 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Austria | 111 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 87 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 72 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 52 | 33.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 51 | 4.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 34 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 30 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Spain | 29 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 28 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 18 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Germany split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 13 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 12 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 12 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 6 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 3 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 2 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 2 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 2 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Germany split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Other suppliers | 1 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Germany split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-25 14:07 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Germany’s supply of road diesel in 2026-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-06 (latest month all EU member states reported). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-04 to 2026-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Germany: crude not from imports (69,157 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (55,242 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (47,921 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (31,941 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (27,513 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (350 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.