Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2026, Ireland's road diesel supply was 239 kt: 22% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the Netherlands (23%), the United Kingdom (22%) and Belgium (22%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (24%), Norway (11%) and Kazakhstan (5%), and 37% cannot be traced.
Country
United States58 kt (est. 24%)Norway25 kt (est. 11%)Kazakhstan13 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria9.7 kt (est. 4%)United Kingdom8.2 kt (est. 3%)Brazil7.5 kt (est. 3%)Azerbaijan7.1 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins22 kt (est. 9%)United Kingdom: no crude data53 kt (22%)United States: no crude data27 kt (11%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported4.8 kt (2%)Ireland: crude not from imports2.5 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)Ireland (own refineries)52 kt (22%)Netherlands55 kt (23%)United Kingdom53 kt (22%)Belgium52 kt (22%)United States27 kt (11%)Ireland: road diesel supply239 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands
- United Kingdom
- Belgium
- Ireland (own refineries)
- United States
- United States58 kt (est. 24%)
- Norway25 kt (est. 11%)
- Kazakhstan13 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria9.7 kt (est. 4%)
- United Kingdom8.2 kt (est. 3%)
- Brazil7.5 kt (est. 3%)
- Azerbaijan7.1 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins22 kt (est. 9%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data53 kt (22%)
- United States: no crude data27 kt (11%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported4.8 kt (2%)
- Ireland: crude not from imports2.5 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.0 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jun 2026)
7.1 thousand tonnes
est. 3% of Ireland's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported7.1 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Ireland (own refineries)6.7 kt (est. 94%)
- Netherlands0.4 kt (est. 6%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands | Ireland: road diesel supply | 54,603 | 22.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Ireland: road diesel supply | 52,873 | 22.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Ireland: road diesel supply | 52,430 | 22.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Ireland (own refineries) | Ireland: road diesel supply | 51,804 | 21.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United States | Ireland: road diesel supply | 27,141 | 11.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 52,873 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Ireland (own refineries) | 36,072 | 69.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 27,141 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Norway | Belgium | 15,902 | 30.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 14,719 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 11,859 | 22.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 9,793 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 9,490 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 7,500 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 7,154 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Ireland (own refineries) | 6,713 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Ireland (own refineries) | 6,521 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Ireland's road diesel to Ireland split by Ireland's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 5,504 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 4,800 | 8.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 4,328 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands | 4,195 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 4,007 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 3,148 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Ireland: crude not from imports | Ireland (own refineries) | 2,498 | 4.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,850 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Ireland split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,343 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,009 | 1.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Netherlands | 432 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Ireland split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Ireland’s supply of road diesel in 2026-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-06 (latest month all EU member states reported). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-04 to 2026-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (52,873 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (27,141 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (4,800 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Ireland: crude not from imports (2,498 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,009 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.