Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2026, the Netherlands' road diesel supply was 1,741 kt: 70% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Belgium (20%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (23%), Norway (20%) and Kazakhstan (10%), and 9% cannot be traced.
Country
United States406 kt (est. 23%)Norway354 kt (est. 20%)Kazakhstan181 kt (est. 10%)United Kingdom134 kt (est. 8%)Brazil121 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria45 kt (est. 3%)Libya43 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins300 kt (est. 17%)Netherlands: crude origin not reported108 kt (6%)United Kingdom: no crude data38 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data3.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refineryless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands (own refineries)1.23 Mt (70%)Belgium340 kt (20%)Germany66 kt (4%)Sweden57 kt (3%)United Kingdom38 kt (2%)Spain8.8 kt (<1%)Norway3.4 kt (<1%)Denmark0.3 kt (<1%)Italyless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Luxembourgless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Other suppliersless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands: road diesel supply1.74 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Netherlands (own refineries)
- Belgium
- Germany
- Sweden
- United Kingdom
- Spain
- Norway
- Denmark
- Other (9)
- United States406 kt (est. 23%)
- Norway354 kt (est. 20%)
- Kazakhstan181 kt (est. 10%)
- United Kingdom134 kt (est. 8%)
- Brazil121 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria45 kt (est. 3%)
- Libya43 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins300 kt (est. 17%)
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported108 kt (6%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data38 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported6.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data3.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refineryless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jun 2026)
299.8 thousand tonnes
est. 17% of Netherlands's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported300 kt estimated
Inferred · mediumEstimated
Refined in
- Netherlands (own refineries)204 kt (est. 68%)
- Belgium69 kt (est. 23%)
- Germany15 kt (est. 5%)
and 4 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Dashed: estimated from published euro value
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Netherlands (own refineries) | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 1,226,852 | 70.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Belgium | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 339,909 | 19.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Germany | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 66,462 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Sweden | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 57,416 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 38,191 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Spain | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 8,794 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Norway | Netherlands: road diesel supply | 3,392 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Netherlands (own refineries) | 330,705 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands (own refineries) | 213,227 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands (own refineries) | 204,320 | 16.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands (own refineries) | 123,659 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Netherlands: crude origin not reported | Netherlands (own refineries) | 107,856 | 8.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Belgium | 103,095 | 30.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands (own refineries) | 97,241 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Netherlands (own refineries) | 94,246 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 69,240 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 48,623 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 46,381 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 38,191 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands (own refineries) | 30,175 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Sweden | 27,475 | 47.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Belgium | 25,981 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands (own refineries) | 25,423 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Netherlands split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 20,409 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 15,079 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 14,773 | 22.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 11,995 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 10,469 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 10,389 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Sweden | 10,241 | 17.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 7,645 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Netherlands split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Sweden | 7,615 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Sweden | 7,293 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 6,539 | 1.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Germany | 6,158 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 5,874 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 3,857 | 43.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Norway | 3,392 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Sweden | 3,276 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1,660 | 2.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Sweden | 1,516 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Sweden's road diesel to Netherlands split by Sweden's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 1,445 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 1,292 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 995 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 901 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 823 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 760 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 596 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Netherlands split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Denmark | 136 | 39.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Spain | 133 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Denmark | 109 | 31.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Denmark | 69 | 19.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Denmark | 33 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Denmark's road diesel to Netherlands split by Denmark's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 33 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Netherlands split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Luxembourg | 3 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 2 | 160.8% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 2 | 133.3% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Other suppliers did not publish its crude imports for part of that window; those months use crude imports estimated from the euro values it did publish (customs basis). |
| United States | Other suppliers | 2 | 134.3% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. |
| Brazil | Other suppliers | 1 | 51.5% | EstimatedPartly estimated from published euro value. Estimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 1 | 35.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 1 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Italy | 1 | 23.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 1 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 0 | 44.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 0 | 28.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 0 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 0 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 0 | 14.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Italy | 0 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 0 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 0 | 2.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 0 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Other suppliers | 0 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Netherlands split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Italy | 0 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Netherlands split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 0 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
5 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Netherlands’s supply of road diesel in 2026-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Dashed crude links rest partly on crude imports estimated from published euro values: a supplier did not publish its crude imports for some months of the window (docs/METHODOLOGY.md section 6.1). Customs basis, INFERRED. Method
Month: 2026-06 (latest month all EU member states reported). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-04 to 2026-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Netherlands: crude origin not reported (107,856 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (38,191 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (6,559 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (3,393 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,729 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (3 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.