Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2026, Spain's road diesel supply was 526 kt: 47% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Singapore (20%), Morocco (7%) and Egypt (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (8%), Libya (7%) and Mexico (6%), and 41% cannot be traced.
Country
United States45 kt (est. 8%)Libya37 kt (est. 7%)Mexico33 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan33 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria27 kt (est. 5%)Brazil25 kt (est. 5%)Venezuela17 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins93 kt (est. 18%)Singapore: no crude data104 kt (20%)Morocco: no crude data36 kt (7%)Egypt: no crude data34 kt (6%)United States: no crude data33 kt (6%)Origin not reported: crude unknown9.2 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)Spain (own refineries)248 kt (47%)Singapore104 kt (20%)Morocco36 kt (7%)Egypt34 kt (6%)United States33 kt (6%)Italy33 kt (6%)Belgium29 kt (5%)Imports, origin not reported9.2 kt (2%)Spain: road diesel supply526 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Spain (own refineries)
- Singapore
- Morocco
- Egypt
- United States
- Italy
- Belgium
- Other (1)
- United States45 kt (est. 8%)
- Libya37 kt (est. 7%)
- Mexico33 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan33 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria27 kt (est. 5%)
- Brazil25 kt (est. 5%)
- Venezuela17 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins93 kt (est. 18%)
- Singapore: no crude data104 kt (20%)
- Morocco: no crude data36 kt (7%)
- Egypt: no crude data34 kt (6%)
- United States: no crude data33 kt (6%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown9.2 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jun 2026)
33.0 thousand tonnes
6% of Spain's road diesel supply
Unknown
Refined in
- United States33 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain (own refineries) | Spain: road diesel supply | 248,475 | 47.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Singapore | Spain: road diesel supply | 104,019 | 19.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Morocco | Spain: road diesel supply | 36,179 | 6.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Spain: road diesel supply | 33,875 | 6.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United States | Spain: road diesel supply | 32,956 | 6.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Spain: road diesel supply | 32,948 | 6.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Spain: road diesel supply | 28,757 | 5.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | Spain: road diesel supply | 9,197 | 1.7% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singapore: no crude data | Singapore | 104,019 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain (own refineries) | 64,930 | 26.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain (own refineries) | 36,502 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Morocco: no crude data | Morocco | 36,179 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 33,875 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 32,956 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Mexico | Spain (own refineries) | 32,878 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain (own refineries) | 28,122 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain (own refineries) | 25,465 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain (own refineries) | 23,241 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain (own refineries) | 21,470 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 16,417 | 57.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Venezuela | Spain (own refineries) | 15,866 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Spain split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 11,659 | 35.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 9,197 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Libya | Italy | 7,797 | 23.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 5,685 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 4,114 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 4,001 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 3,924 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 1,727 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy | 1,423 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,015 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Venezuela | Italy | 777 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 741 | 2.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Belgium | 647 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy | 592 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 553 | 1.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Venezuela | Belgium | 361 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Spain split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy | 274 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Spain split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2026-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Spain’s supply of road diesel in 2026-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-06 (latest month all EU member states reported). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-04 to 2026-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Singapore: no crude data (104,019 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Morocco: no crude data (36,179 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (33,875 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (32,956 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (9,197 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (741 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (553 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Imports, origin not reported (9,197 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.