Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2026, Portugal's road diesel supply was 385 kt: 68% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Spain (22%) and the Netherlands (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Brazil (36%), the United States (13%) and Libya (7%), and 2% cannot be traced.
Country
Brazil139 kt (est. 36%)United States49 kt (est. 13%)Libya28 kt (est. 7%)Azerbaijan26 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria22 kt (est. 6%)Algeria18 kt (est. 5%)Guyana16 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins82 kt (est. 21%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal (own refineries)262 kt (68%)Spain86 kt (22%)Netherlands37 kt (10%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Portugal: road diesel supply385 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Portugal (own refineries)
- Spain
- Netherlands
- United Kingdom
- Brazil139 kt (est. 36%)
- United States49 kt (est. 13%)
- Libya28 kt (est. 7%)
- Azerbaijan26 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria22 kt (est. 6%)
- Algeria18 kt (est. 5%)
- Guyana16 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins82 kt (est. 21%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Jun 2026)
85.5 thousand tonnes
22% of Portugal's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Other crude origins39 kt (est. 46%)
- United States13 kt (est. 15%)
- Libya9.7 kt (est. 11%)
and 5 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal (own refineries) | Portugal: road diesel supply | 261,860 | 68.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Spain | Portugal: road diesel supply | 85,517 | 22.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Portugal: road diesel supply | 37,169 | 9.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil | Portugal (own refineries) | 128,410 | 49.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 39,455 | 46.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Portugal (own refineries) | 26,107 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Portugal (own refineries) | 25,689 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Portugal (own refineries) | 23,883 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 18,243 | 49.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Portugal (own refineries) | 17,281 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Portugal (own refineries) | 12,952 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 12,760 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 12,563 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Portugal (own refineries) | 11,961 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Portugal's road diesel to Portugal split by Portugal's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 10,019 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 9,679 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 8,764 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 7,389 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 4,330 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 3,268 | 8.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Guyana | Spain | 3,169 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 2,946 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Portugal (own refineries) | 2,818 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 914 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 770 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 714 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Netherlands | 294 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Portugal split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 169 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Portugal split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 9 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Portugal’s supply of road diesel in 2026-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-06 (latest month all EU member states reported). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-04 to 2026-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,268 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,818 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (9 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.